A Review of Managing IT Research
on the Internet in New Zealand
Bulletin
of Information Technology Research. Vol 1, Issue 1 (June 2003). ISSN 1176-3108.
Claudius Benedikt
Hildebrand, Sebastian Simmer & Kay Fielden
School of Computing and Information Technology
UNITEC
Auckland, New Zealand
research@a66.de, S.Simmer@gmx.net
& kfielden@unitec.ac.nz
Abstract
This paper contains
a literature review of the research in the field of managing information
technology in New Zealand and Australia published since 1998. Searching
skills were required to locate New Zealand papers in international publications.
These research papers are categorised both by research method used and
by domain area within the field of managing information technology. Articles
were gleaned from conference papers, journal articles and online publications,
57% of which were peer-reviewed. The research articles are split into
three sub-domains: Knowledge Management (KM), e-Markets and Supply Chain
Management (SCM). Strategic Issues dominate the KM sub-domain, implementation
and performance measurement are the dominating topics in e-markets and
implementation is the main topic in SCM.
Conferences are identified
as the most valuable sources of research, while university websites have
only a disappointingly low amount of research on-line. The general focus
of the research in this relatively new field concentrates mostly on problem
definition and understanding that is explored mostly via secondary research.
Validated implementation tools and models are identified as one of the
main fields where additional research is required. This sample of papers
was found to utilise qualitative more than quantitative methods. More
quantitative and mixed method research could improve the validity of most
of the frameworks and models. The predominance of case studies can be
understood as they are a useful tool to investigate the complex systems,
but broader data basis, achieved for example by surveys, would be desirable.
Keywords
Literature Review,
Research methods, Managing Information Technology (MIT)
Introduction
This literature review
covers three areas of managing information technology: Knowledge Management
(KM), e-Markets and Supply Chain Management (SCM). Methods used to locate
research articles are discussed first including which resources were used
to retrieve the articles. Problems with retrieving articles are then discussed
and how these problems were overcome. Possible biases in this particular
sample of research articles influenced by the sampling method in this
domain of managing information technology are discussed next. The classification
of research methods found is described, analysed for applicability and
timeliness. An overview of the topics covered in this sample of research
articles is shown in the literature map (figure 7). This paper concludes
with a critique of content, gaps, research methods presentation and style
of the retrieved papers.
Literature Review Methodology
Resources Used
The forty articles
included in this literature review were located in full-text databases,
scholarly journals available at UNITEC and resources available on the
Internet. Because management magazine articles influence the state of
the field they are writing about some of these non-peer reviewed articles
have been included.
Retrieval of Material
Retrieving material
from New Zealand or Australian authors turned out to be a rather complicated
task. This was mainly due to the following reasons: full-text databases
do not support searching for the country of origin of the publication;
the academic background of the author is normally not a searchable field;
research conducted in New Zealand and Australia does not necessarily have
the word New Zealand or Australia in its searchable fields, its abstract
or even its body; and
it is not straightforward
to identify research conducted by Australian or New Zealand's authors
if this research is published in overseas journals without any specific
link to New Zealand or Australia.
The following list
contains some of the methods used to retrieve research: manual scanning
of available New Zealand journals in the UNITEC library; keywords of New
Zealand and Australian cities as well as the countries' names itself in
database searches;scanning universities of both countries for downloadable
material or links to downloadable material; and downloading research reports
of major New Zealand and Australian universities to obtain a list of available
publishing authors. Initial focus was not on specific types of research
within managing information technology so that the sample was not unduly
biased. The preference was for peer- reviewed articles.
Limitations and Possible Biases
One of the biggest
problems with this literature review was narrowing the scope to New Zealand
and Australian research without creating major biases in the retrieved
research. International databases do not allow the possibility to limit
searches to New Zealand authors or magazines. Articles published by New
Zealand authors in non-New Zealand magazines without any explicit relationship
to New Zealand were difficult to locate. The limited availability of overseas
journals (free of charge) either online or within the UNITEC library increased
the chances of biases. It appears that this sample of research articles
may be biased towards case study oriented, practical research published
in New Zealand. Mainly theoretical research without any association to
New Zealand that was conducted by New Zealand authors in overseas journals
may be under-represented.
Research Methodologies
Only three papers
(6%) of the sample located used a quantitative method and no experimental
research articles were found. All of the quantitative research articles
found used statistical methods that gathered data with a survey or questionnaire
(for example, Mackay, Altmann, and McMichael (2003) researching the efficiency
of Australian e supply chains and e-businesses).
89% (36 out of 40)
research papers found used a qualitative approach.
Only two of the qualitative research papers used an ethnographic approach
(for instance Birkenkrahe, 2002) who described his long-time studies of
knowledge management as an insider in the consulting industry to identify
likely changes and future prospects of knowledge management.)
13 out of the 36
qualitative research articles (36%) used case studies to investigate real-world
implementations of knowledge management and supply chain management systems.
Moody and Shanks (1999) for example study a knowledge management project
that was perceived to be very successful by its participants.
A narrative approach
was adopted by 2 of the 36 qualitative research papers. For instance,
Bland (2001a) interviewed experts in the field of implementing knowledge
management systems and found ten general recommendations for knowledge
management system implementations.
Surveys in qualitative
research normally have smaller numbers of participants as in quantitative
research. They usually contain open-ended and hard-to-quantify questions.
3 of the 36 qualitative research papers in this sample used surveys. A
good example is Steins and Hawking's (2002) research paper that surveys
e-commerce drivers and barriers of Australian companies. Rather than providing
the companies with specific quantifiable categories, surveys were sent
out that asked the companies to provide the main drivers and barriers
to e-commerce themselves.
Secondary Research
Much of the qualitative
research is based on secondary research. Prior research is reviewed and
refined. Many secondary research papers combine existing theories and
the development of theories in the literature with actual cases and developments.
They indicate weaknesses in the existing theories and by using their observation
and data that has not been used for the original theories and construct
new models for these cases. Secondary research is the biggest subgroup
within qualitative research. 16 of the 36 (44%) qualitative research papers
have been categorised in this subgroup. A good example is Boven's (1999)
research paper. He investigated the increasing environmental instability
of companies by providing a conceptual framework that describes how companies
can use these changes in order to gain strategic advantage. This method
of challenging the assumptions of existing models, modifying the assumptions
and deriving changed models was found to be very common in this ample
of research articles. The distribution of these subgroups is shown in
figure 1.
Figure
1. Distribution of the subgroups within qualitative research
Mixed Methods
Research
Only the article
of Bland (2003) could have been assigned to this category.
Distribution of Research Methods
The majority of the
research found was qualitative (89%). Only 3 research papers follow a
quantitative approach (8%) and only one paper had a mixed methods approach
(figure 2).
Figure
2. Types of Research Types of Publication Review Process
57% of the research
in this literature review was from peer-reviewed sources. In addition
to that, many papers have been retrieved from conference websites that
gave no insight into the reviewing process and therefore the articles
could not have been categorised "peer reviewed". However it can be assumed
that a certain degree of reputation in the field of study is necessary
in order to be able to publish for conference reviews. Figure 3 shows
the distribution of peer-reviewed articles in contrast to non-peer reviewed
articles.
Figure
3. Relation of peer reviewed to non-peer reviewed articles Form of Publication
All sources of the
annotated bibliography were classified into the following categories:
periodical articles published in journals and magazines; conference papers
presented and published by conference organisers; university working research
papers made available on a university's website (these papers have not
usually been published in any other form); government publications; and
On-line publications. This distribution is shown in figure 4.
Figure
4. Distribution of the Types of Publications Types of Resources
One method of resource
distinction is distinction into primary and secondary resources. "A primary
source gives the words of the witnesses or the first recorders of an event.
Primary sources include manuscripts, archives, letters, diaries, and speeches.
[...] Secondary sources are descriptions of the event derived from and
based on primary sources" (Lorimer, 1996). The distinction between primary
and secondary resources appeared to be fuzzy. As a general rule, primary
resources can be considered more valuable as new data is collected.
Normally every research
paper contains secondary research that is used as a basis for the following
primary research. 60% of these research papers was classified as primary
research and 40% as secondary. Figure 5 shows this distribution.
Figure
5. Relation between primary and secondary research Timeliness of the Resources
Articles in this
literature review have an average age of 2.15 years. The Publication date
range was between 1998 and 2003 whereas publications from 2003 were categorized
to be 0 years old. Figure 6 shows the distribution by publication year.
Figure
6. Distribution of the publication dates Content Analysis
The purpose of this
literature review is to give an overview of the "ongoing dialogue in the
literature about a topic" (Creswell, 2003, p.30). The literature map shown
in Figure 7 provides an overview over the topics of the research in New
Zealand and Australia in the chosen domain.
Critique
This section critically
reflects and critiques the retrieved research for this literature review.
The purpose of this section is to identify strong and weak points in the
research work in New Zealand and Australia and to identify opportunities
for new research.
Availability of Research
The richest source
of information for this literature review was journals and conferences.
Conference websites were found to be a rich resource for up-to-date research
in this domain area. New Zealand and Australia institutions have hosted
a number of Computing and Technology conferences during the past 5 years.
Periodicals, especially
scholarly journals, publish most of universities' research that is conducted
in New Zealand. However, there are very few scholarly journals in New
Zealand and most authors seem to prefer to publish overseas. The websites
of universities did not provide many published full-text research outputs.
Almost no university published their research on its website. Usually
a list of all publications was retrievable but full-text availability
was not available. Often the list of publications was retrieved from a
sub-page of the publishing school or faculty. It is acknowledged that
authors who publish research periodicals cede their copyrights; therefore
they are normally not allowed to publish their work full-text on university
websites. However, as academic creditability of a university is mainly
reached by publishing recognisable research, it is hard to understand
why the universities do not show more interest in making their research
available to the public. The only real exception found was the Business
Faculty of the University of Deakin, Australia (www.deakin.edu.au)
that publishes most of their working papers online.
Large consultancy
companies were also active in this research domain. However, due to the
fact that they are global, they prefer to perform research in their country
of origin or in big markets like the USA, Japan or Europe. Smaller, local
New Zealand consultancies do not appear to publish research online (free
of cost).
Content of the Research
Managing information
technology, particularly KM, e-markets and supply chain management are
relatively new research domains that are evolving rapidly. This fact holds
challenges for the research community and research appears to fall behind
the developments in practice. Topics, assumptions and models change so
fast that they often become outdated several times before research is
completed.
The retrieved research
articles show research activity in defining the benefits of KM, e-markets
and CRM and the impacts they have on strategy. Analysing the practical
implementation of knowledge management systems was another major domain.
Large consultancies
and the research academic community are very active in researching the
benefits and success factors for knowledge management and how it can meet
the challenge of increased environmental uncertainty and high rates of
change. More practically oriented studies conducted in businesses show
problems with knowledge management and SCM. These studies audit the benefits
of the implementations and compare them against the promised benefits.
There are problems that are identified very commonly, for example most
knowledge management systems fail because technology is the driving factor
and not the business needs.
However, there appear
to be few frameworks for successful implementation of knowledge management
and SCM systems. The understanding of the principal benefits of knowledge
management systems and the identification of common problems do not appear
to have been transferred into models for leveraging the benefits yet.
No models were present in this sample that closely investigate the required
properties a company must have and the processes it must use in order
to benefit from implementing the discussed systems. This appears to indicate
that the research community is in a state of problem definition rather
than a state of constructing theories in this field.
Research Methodology
Traditionally, management
sciences employ qualitative research methodologies. Managing IT is not
a technical field and the research concentration should be on the special
properties of technology as a manageable resource. Hugh (1997) defines
operational research and management science as follows:
Management science
[…] is the science that (1) observes the phenomena of operations (or functions)
consisting of people, material, artifacts of technology and society, and
money, these operations being given coherence by an objective, a need,
or a problem, and (2) gives due consideration to the known, unknown, and
implicit perceptions of the human actors in these operations. It represents
those phenomena in models (or theories), and manipulates them to create
understandings of the phenomena. With the intent of achieving desired
ends, OR/MS workers then apply these results to problems in the reality
from which the observations emerged.
The complexity of
the studied field and aspects like the "implicit perceptions of the human
actors" (Hugh, 1997) imply that a great amount of research has to be qualitative
as it is hardly possible to research these factors with quantitative methods.
It is understandable
and very reasonable that most of the research uses qualitative methodologies
However it was very surprising to discover the very limited amount of
quantitative research being done in this sample of forty papers. It seems
that the promised benefits of SCM and KM systems predicted by theoretical
and perceptive research are not being realised in practise. Quantitative
studies could help testing hypothesises, for example that the strengthening
of communication links (independent) improves the customer response time
(dependent).
Mixed method approaches
would be especially valuable for this purpose: Qualitative research methods
could be used for obtaining a holistic view of the problem. A theory could
be build of how the proposed system benefits influence specific company
variables and quantitative methods could be applied to test the theory.
However it must be
acknowledged that mixed method or quantitative approaches in this field
of study are hindered in a variety of ways. Firstly, the proposed systems
bring mostly intangible benefits. Quantifiable variables could be found
that express these non-quantifiable benefits (e.g. customer response time,
amount of site views in the electronic knowledge repository), however
this must be based on the assumption that these quantifiable variables
are really an appropriate expression of the intangible benefits. This
assumption lowers the significance of the quantitative studies greatly.
Mixed method approaches
are generally more time-consuming. The pace of change and the novelty
of the field greatly hinder mixed-method approaches.
Qualitative Research Approaches
Case studies are
the second biggest qualitative research subgroup. Case studies in this
literature review normally investigate specific implementations of KM,
SCM or e-market systems. Case studies are especially useful for examining
implementation of these systems as the systems are designed to build complex
structures in complex environments. The systems' benefits are often intangible
and hard to measure. Case studies are useful, unobtrusive tools for measuring
the implementations in detail in their natural environment.
The academic value
of the studies is however limited. A case study can provide the researcher
with ideas and possible reasons for problems and solutions. Because of
their very limited data basis (which is one) however the results cannot
be generalized. The case study of Moody and Shanks (1999) is very interesting,
but the findings in a non-governmental institution in the medical sector
can hardly be used for generalization (e.g. it will hardly apply to Ford).
The number of case studies in this literature overview can provide a researcher
in this subject with ideas about what may happen when implementing a KM
or SCM system. Case studies provide an ever-increasing database in this
area upon which research trends can be studied.
Conclusion
This literature review
has analysed research in the field of Managing Information Technology
in New Zealand and Australia. This analysis shows a predominance of qualitative
research in the papers reviewed. Secondary research and case studies dominate
the qualitative research. Retrieval of literature specifically from Australia
and New Zealand proved difficult, not necessarily because of the amount
of literature published but more because of retrieval problems. It would
be desirable if future databases became more powerful with additional
retrieval fields to reference specific countries.
There appear to be
many research opportunities within the field of study. Quantitative and
mixed methods research is certainly under-represented in this sample and
the opportunity to evaluate many of the given frameworks is still to be
taken. Evaluations of successful system implementations appear to be rare
or non-existent.
New Zealand and Australia
has a very active research community that frequently publishes research
in Information Technology Management. There appears to be many opportunities
for additional research in this domain. Considering the importance of
KM, e-markets and SCM (many researchers claim that knowledge is the only
lasting competitive advantage) and the obvious uncertainties within these
fields, good additional research can make a substantial contribution to
the development of New Zealand's and Australia's economy.
Figure
7. Literature Map of the retrieved research
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